- Work and Heat
- Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from one object to another as the result in temperature.
- Heat flows spontaneously from hot objects to cold objects.
- Heat is produced by friction
2. Temperature
- Temperature is a measure of hot or cold an object is compared to a reference point.
- On the Celsius scale, the reference points for temperature are the freezing (0 degrees) and boiling (100 degrees) points of water.
- When an object heats up its particles move faster, on average.
- Thermal energy is the total potential and kinetic energy of all the particles in an object.
- Thermal energy depends upon the mass, temperature, and phase of an object.
- Two items can have the same temperature but have different thermal energys. Example would be if you had a cup of tea and a cup of lemonade. The tea is at a higher temperature than the lemonade because its particles have a higher average kinetic energy. The lemonade is at a lower temperature, but it has more thermal energy because it has many more particles.
Condition
| Temperature
| Space between particles
| Volume
|
5. Specific Heat
- The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of material by one degree Celsius is called specific heat.
- Metal holds more heat than plastic because metal has a lower specific heat, and if a object has a low specific heat the more its temperature increases when heat is absorbed.
- A calorimeter is used to measure the changes in thermal energy.
- A calorimeter uses the principle that heat flows from a hotter object to a colder object until both reach the same temperature.